Syllogism Concept and Important tricks

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ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR DERIVING  CONCLUSIONS IN SYLLOGISM

Point No 1 :

Statements : All girls are singers

                     No singer is dancer

   In the above statements,  term "girls" is called the Subject  , "dancer" is called Predicate , "Singer" is called medium                        

The medium(singer) connects two statements to give a new conclusion  “No girls is dancer”

Point No 2 :

 In syllogism we deal with only 4 type of statements  starting with

All

No

Some

Some are not.

→ Statements starting with 'All' is denoted  with ‘A’ ,  Statements starting with 'No' is denoted with’ E’, Statements starting with 'Some' is denoted with ’I’ ,  Statements starting with 'Some are not' is denoted with ‘O’.  { All → A , No → E , some → I , some are not →O}

Point No 3 :

 When two statements are given, the valid conclusion is drawn only according to the combinations given in below table

  

Sentences Type	Conclusion Type
1 ) All (A) + All (A)	→  All (A)
2)   All (A) + No(E)	→ No(E)
3)No(E) + All(A)	→ Some are not(O)
4)No(E) + Some(I)	→ Some are not(O)
5)Some(I) +  All(A)	→ Some(I)
6)Some(I) + No(E)	→Some are not(O)

i.e

A+ A = A Type , A+E = E Type

E+A = O Type , E+I =O Type

I + A = I Type, I + E = O Type conclusions .

Example 1 : 

Statements : All Tables are Chairs

                     All Chairs are Buildings

Explanation :  Above given two statements are in A + A type combination . Hence conclusion should be in A+ A = A type . 

Conclusion: All tables are buildings 

Example 2 : 

Statements:   All tables are chairs

                      No chair is building

Explanation : Above given two statements are in  A + E type combination. Hence conclusion should be in A+E =  E type.

Conclusion:  No table is building

Example 3: 

Statements:  Some tables are chairs

                     All chairs are buildings

Explanation: Above given two statements are in I + A type combination. Hence conclusion should be in I+ A= I type.

Conclusion: Some tables are buildings

Example 4: 

Statements : Some tables are chairs 

                     No chair is building

Explanation : Above given two statements are in I +  E type combination. Hence conclusion should be in I + E = O type.

Conclusion: Some tables are not buildings 

Point No 4: 

While deriving  conclusion by using above table , it is very important to keep in mind the format of conclusion.

Case 1  

→ In all 4 combinations (  A+ A = A Type , A+E = E Type , I + A = I Type, I + E = O Type ) types , the Subject of conclusion should be Subject of first statement and Predicate of Conclusion should be Predicate of second statement .

Example:

 Statements :  All  tables^s1 are chairs

                       No chair is building ^P2 

^{Explanation :  Above given two statements are in  A + E combination. Hence conclusion should be in A+ E = E type.}

^Conclusion:  No table^s1is building^p1

^{Case 2 :}  

^{In E + a = O type and E + I= O type conclusions , Subject of  conclusion is predicate of second statement and predicate of conclusion is subject of first statement.}

^{Example :} 

Statements:   No tables^s1 is chair 

                      Some chairs are  building ^P2 

 Explanation : Above given two statements are in E + I combination . Hence conclusion should be in E+ I = O type .

Conclusion : Some buildings ^P2  are not  tables^s1

^{Point No 5:} 

  ^{If two conclusions have same Subject and same predicate  And}

They are I+O type or A+O type or I+E type of pairs , Then you should mark the answer as "Either I or II follows". The above pairs of conclusions are called Complementary pairs and because of that at least one of the conclusion is always true. 

Point No 6:

 Example:

 Statements:   Some tables are chairs

                       All chairs are buildings 

Explanation:  As above given two statements are in I + A combination, conclusion should be in I+A= I type .

Conclusion:  Some tables are buildings 

The Important point here is   that above conclusion can be converted and re written as "Some buildings are tables." . 

                                             Both conclusions are correct for the above given statements as second conclusion is conversion of first conclusion. In Bank PO level exams , to trick you and make it hard , examiners will give converted conclusions mostly. 

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